Student Loans: How to Pay Them Off and Build Wealth
By David John Marotta and Beth Anderson Nedelisky
The average college student graduates with almost $20,000 in student loans. While this is a daunting sum, it is still possible to build wealth even while paying off student debt. But earning the degree and paying for the degree require two different kinds of smarts. In fact, some students may be better off not taking their parents’ advice on how to get out of debt. Unlike most types of debt, student loans are usually best when paid as slowly as possible.
Almost all debt is bad debt. But, there are two important exceptions to this rule: home mortgages and student loans. Diligent savers can use these types of debt to their advantage.
Students often assume the best thing to do is to pay off student loans as quickly as possible. The sooner you pay off your loans, the sooner you can start building wealth, or so the thinking goes. But, given the opportunity, which answer should you choose: A) Make extra principle payments on your loan each month, or B) Pay the minimum amount due and save and invest the difference?
The real answer is: it depends. However as a rule of thumb, the lower the interest rate on your loans, the better off you’ll be just paying the minimum monthly payment and nothing more. Take the extra money you were going to pay on your loan and invest it instead.
The lower the rate of interest on your loan and the higher the average market return, the more it makes sense to invest your extra dollars instead of paying down on your loan. The difference between these two rates is known as the “spread.” If market rate of return is 11% and the interest on your student loan is 4%, then, the “spread” is 7% (11% minus 5%).
Let’s look at two examples. Jane and Joe each have $20,000 in student loans which are to be paid over 10 years at 4% interest. Joe pays his monthly payments of $202 plus $100 extra to retire his debt as quickly as possible. By paying making bigger payments, Joe is able to pay off his debt in just over 6 years. Now, with his debt out of the way, Joe invests the full $302 per month that he had been putting towards his debt. Ten years after graduating, Joe has paid off his school debt and his investments have grown to $16,728.
Jane decides to adopt a different loan repayment strategy. Instead of paying extra on her loans, Jane pays only the minimum amount of $202. She takes the extra $100 per month that she could have been paying toward her debt and invests it. She continues this simple plan for the full life of her loan. Because she makes no extra payments on her loan, she takes the full 10 years to pay off her loan. Now, ten years later, Jane’s loan is finally paid. However, her investments have grown to $21,700, beating Joe’s return by $4,972!
Jane has made more than Joe even though she only paid the minimum balance due on her loan. Instead of making extra payments as Joe did, she invested her money for a longer period of time. And even though Joe was able to retire his debt sooner than Jane, his big monthly investments were unable to catch up with Jane’s early saving. Jane was able to boost her savings by starting early and harnessing the power of compounding interest. In the investing world, we call this principle the ‘time-value’ of money.
However, this model is not ideal for everyone facing student loans. The smaller the spread between your loan interest rate and the average market return, the less appealing this strategy becomes.
But, there is one additional reason students should consider paying just the minimum monthly payment on student loans. Student loan interest, like home mortgage interest, is tax deductible. By allowing you a tax deduction of up to $2,500 for student loan interest, Uncle Sam is, in effect, helping to subsidize the cost of your loan. The faster you pay down principle, the faster you lose your tax deduction, which is one more reason that paying just the minimum may be the best option. And, with the savings from your tax deduction, you have more money to invest at higher rates of return.
In order to benefit from this loan repayment strategy, you must save and invest your money. If you don’t invest the extra money, you would have been better off putting your extra dollars toward the repayment of your loan. But before deciding on a loan repayment strategy that’s right for you, be sure to take care of the basics of first.
Learn about your loans: Many student loans allow for a 6-9 month grace period before loan repayment begins. During this time, your loans may be charged a lower rate of interest. Consider consolidating your loans and locking in your interest rate while your loans are at a lower rate. This may not only help keep the cost of borrowing lower, but it will mean you only have to write one check per month.
Establish an emergency fund: You should have enough money in your emergency fund to cover three months of expenses. This money should be used only in the case of emergencies, and not for those late-night runs to Taco Bell.
Pay off your credit card: It’s estimated that college graduates carry an average of $2,500 in credit card debt. Most credit cards have very high interest costs. Be sure that you are not one of them. You cannot build wealth while paying 19% interest on your credit card purchases. Do not begin investing until you have an emergency fund and have eliminated your credit card debt.
Sign up for free money: If you have just started a new job, check to see what type of retirement benefits your company offers. Many companies will match your contributions dollar-for-dollar up to a certain percent of your pay. In other words, you get free money if you invest in the company retirement plan. Make every effort to contribute enough to get the full match. By doing so, you are, in essence, receiving a 100% return on your money. And, don’t assume you are too young to save for retirement. By saving now, and harnessing the power of compounding interest, you’ll have enough to retire long before most of your friends. Remember the time-value of money!
Contribute to a Roth IRA: Once you’ve built up an emergency fund, paid off your credit cards, and taken advantage of any free money available through your employer, make every effort to invest any remaining dollars in a Roth IRA. A Roth IRA is the ideal place to put those extra dollars you were otherwise going to apply to your student loan principle.
Building wealth takes time. By starting early, you’ll be sure to make the grade.
David John Marotta and Beth Anderson Nedelisky work at Marotta Asset Management, Inc. of Charlottesville which provides fee-only financial planning and asset management.
Image courtesy of mischiru
A couple of comments. One, student loan interest is only deductible up to a certain income level. You don’t have to itemize your taxes to take it, which is a big plus, but it phases out when you reach a certain income (about $60K if I remember correctly). This may not affect a lot of new graduates, but if you live in an expensive area of the country, you may hit that salary level sooner than you think.
One advantage of student loans (at least, the government-provided ones that I had) is that you can suspend them if you lose your job, or under other “hardship” circumstances. You’ll still accrue interest, so it’s better to keep paying if you can, but it’s a safety net if you find yourself unemployed for a long period of time, or facing a temporary disability, etc.